Liver does this in times of fasting also can be done by the kidneys after fasting for 12 hours, blood glucose drops drastically which is when this increases.
Uses physical and chemical properties to separate and identify compounds from a complex mixture is about the affinity of a substance for the mobile and stationary phases – except for size exclusion chromatography *homogenized protein mixture to be fractioned through a porous mixture* – isolated proteins are immediately available for identification and quantification more SIMILAR the compound is to the surroundings (polarity/charge) the more it will STICK and the SLOWER it will go preferred over electrophoresis when large amount of protein are being separated place sample into the stationary phase mobil phase is run through the stationary phase (this will allow the sample to go through the stationary phase/elute) depending on relative affinity of the sample for the stationary and mobile phases the different substances will migrate at different times high affinity for stationary phase = no movement high affinity for mobil phase = move quickly types: Column ion Exchange Size Exclusion Affinity use of different media as the stationary phase allows us to exploit different properties that allow is to separate the compoundĪltered in their germ line by introducing a cloned gene into a fertilized ova/ embryonic stem cells cloned gene = transgene can be used to study the disease process from early embryonic development through adulthood way of creating one: *fertilized ovum* cloned gene may be micoinjected into the nucleus of a newly fertilized ovum -rarely! the gene will be incorporated into the DNA nucleus of the zygote ovum is then implanted into the surrogate mother hopefully the offspring will contain the transgene in all their cells – including their germ cells and gametes! they can give it to their off spring – effecting multiple generations – coexist with the animals own copies of the gene helpful for studying *dominant effects* transgenic mice may have different numbers of copies of the transgene number of copies of the gene that are inserted cannot be controlled *embryonic stem cells* transgene is inserted into the embryonic stem cell stem cells are the injected into the blastocysts and implanted into the surrogate mother two types of stem cells original stem cell with transgene creates a CHMERA patches of cells – representing the two different stem cells they can be breed to be heterozygous for the transgene or homozygous for the transgeneĭescribed as a semipermeable phospholipid bilayer describes function and structure! – semipermeable = chooses which particles can enter and which ones cannot (determined by channels and the membrane itself) phospholipid = two layers on phospholipids permits fat soluble compounds to cross easily larger, water soluble compounds need to go in another way *compared to a capacitor due to having opposite charges on either side* -due to Na K ATPase and Leak channels mostly made of phospholipids with very few free fatty acids – also have steroid molecules and cholesterol which help the fluidity of the membrane – also have waxes with help with membrane stability referred to as the *fluid mosaic model* – in a state of constant flux functions as a stable semisolid barrier between cytoplasm and the enviroment contains: lipid rafts carbohydrates making a glycoprotein coat maybe a cell wall associated with it function: protect the interior of the cell from the external enviroment they selectively regulate traffic into and out of the cell involved in intracellular and intercellular communication and transport contain proteins embedded into the lipid bilayer that act as cellular receptors during signal transduction – the proteins that are embedded play an important role in regulating and maintaining the overall cellular activity phospholipids will move rapidly through out this by simple diffusion (tag them and all of a sudden the tags soon become mixed)